Essay on the Dilemma of Billy Budd -- Billy Budd Essays

The Dilemma of Billy Budd    Herman Mellville's Billy Budd is and extremely divisive novel when one considers the dissension it has generated. The criticism has essentially focused around the argument of acceptance vs. resistance. On the one hand we can read the story as accepting the hanging of Billy Budd as the necessary ends of justice. We can read Vere's condemnation as a necessary military action performed in the name of preserving order aboard the Indomitable. On the other hand, we can argue that Billy's execution as the greatest example of injustice.    The question has been asked if Vere's conduct is right or wrong. In either case, since Billy Budd is an ethical text, it is very odd that there is an absence of the emotion guilt.   Billy Budd is a story about two murders. Billy kills Claggart and Vere (although indirectly, the decision is ultimately his) kills Budd. Neither of the murderers demonstrate guilt in the form of remorse. For a narrative that tries to put the reader in a moral and ethical position, it is ironic that the characters themselves don't exhibit what would seem most ethical.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ... To read the story as either accepting or resisting an ethical dilemma is perhaps debatable. The point of the story may be to state man's need to punish and retaliate with injury through means that may be befogged. The reader may be upset with the death of Billy Budd not for the seemingly unjust killing of a sympathetic character, but for its illustration of a society coming apart at the seams; one which doesn't necessarily make sense considering human nature, but one that is so closely linked to social systems, it is doubtful that it could ever be changed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Expectancy Theory of Motivation Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

French Subjunctive Irregular Conjugations

While not as difficult as using the French subjunctive, conjugating irregular and stem-changing verbs into the subjunctive can be a little tricky.Stem-changing verbs and most irregular verbs follow the same pattern as regular verbs for the singular conjugations (je, tu, il/elle/on) as well as the third person plural (ils/elles): the subjunctive stem is derived from the present tense conjugation of ils. boire envoyer prendre venir present tense: ils boivent envoient prennent viennent stem boiv- envoi- prenn- vienn- subjunctive endings: boire envoyer prendre venir ... que je -e boive envoie prenne vienne ... que tu -es boives envoies prennes viennes ... quil/elle/on -e boive envoie prenne vienne ... quils/elles -ent boivent envoient prennent viennent However, the nous and vous forms of the subjunctive find their stems in the present tense conjugation of nous: present tense: nous buvons envoyons prenons venons stem buv- envoy- pren- ven- subjunctive endings : ... que nous -ions buvions envoyions prenions venions ... que vous -iez buviez envoyiez preniez veniez This two-stem subjunctive pattern applies to all stem-changing verbs as well as all but seven irregular verbs.Five verbs have irregular subjunctive stems but take the same endings as above: One stem Two stems* faire pouvoir savoir aller vouloir stem(s) fass- puiss- sach- aill- / all- veuill- / voul- ... que je (j) fasse puisse sache aille veuille ... que tu fasses puisses saches ailles veuilles ... quil/elle/on fasse puisse sache aille veuille ... que nous fassions puissions sachions allions voulions ... que vous fassiez puissiez sachiez alliez vouliez ... quils/elles fassent puissent sachent aillent veuillent *These two verbs have different stems for je/tu/il/ils and nous/vous.And finally, two verbs have irregular stems as well irregular endings: avoir tre ... que je (j) aie sois ... que tu aies sois ... quil/elle/on ait soit ... que nous ayons soyons ... que vous ayez soyez ... quils/elles aient soient

Defining Genocide Jack Nusan Porter - 2983 Words

Jack Nusan Porter, an Ukrainian American sociologist defined the term genocide as follows: â€Å"Genocide is the deliberate destruction, in whole or in part, by a government or its agents, of a racial, sexual, religious, tribal or political minority. It can involve not only mass murder, but also starvation, forced deportation, and political, economic and biological subjugation. Genocide involves three major components: ideology, technology, and bureaucracy/organization.† I chose to use this definition instead of the definition given by the ‘Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide’ because I think this one is incomplete, as it does not include political minorities. It is true that a genocide may not be carried out by a government or its agents, but I also believe that if not by these two groups of people, it must have their help and consent or otherwise it would not happen. The aim of this essay will be to convey and contrast the two g enocide cases in Rwanda and Darfur from a US Foreign Policy perspective, to see what has been done in order to help these two regions and what else should have been done by not only a country that is one of the biggest if not the biggest power from the last century, but also a country that thinks of itself as exceptional, that feels it has the moral obligation and duty of sharing and spreading democracy in the name of human rights. Foreign policies such as ‘Exceptionalism’ and ‘Isolationism’ will be examined fully, along

Comparing The Book Frankenstein By Mary Shelly - 1952 Words

For my dissertation I will be comparing the books Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and finally 1984 by George Orwell. All three books I believe share a common theme which will be the subject of my dissertation. They all hold many themes but the main ones I will be looking at are the perils of playing god, abuse of power, and lastly manipulation and control. One of the main themes of Frankenstein written by Mary Shelly in 1816 is the fall of man which can be found in all three of the books in my dissertation, how man tries to progress in science or society but ends up making the situation worse. This can be found in many books and in real life situations which leads me to think trying to improve yet†¦show more content†¦While undoubtedly the biggest theme running through Frankenstein is the perils of playing god and how that can backfire, another large theme is parental neglect and irresponsibility which can also be found in again Jekyll and Hyde and 1984. Sadly parental neglect can be found throughout human history which again makes me think it could be a metaphor for something bigger. It could be how people always have a secret dark side; maybe it’s that side of us which can be to blame for all the wrong things in society? Or maybe that’s just another excuse to be the bad guy. Victor Frankenstein’s quote can also be compared with a quote from Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde narrated by Dr. Jekyll himself. In this next quote it shows again the total lack of responsibility that we first saw in Frankenstein. â€Å"I hesitated long before I put this theory to the test of practice. I knew well that I risked death; for any drug that so potently controlled and shook the very fortress of identity, might, by the least scruple of an overdose or at the least inopportunity in the moment of exhibition, utterly blot out that immaterial tabernacle which I looked to it to change. But the temptation of a discovery so singular and profound at last overcame the suggestions of alarm.† (Chp.10 Pg.54) As previously shown, Dr. Jekyll completely ignores his own knowledge in that if that potion had gone wrong (an instant death rather than split personality disorder) he would’ve died. He

Denisovan Genome Decoded free essay sample

Svante Paabo and his colleagues presented a draft version of the genome from a small fragment of a human finger bone discovered in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. We will write a custom essay sample on Denisovan Genome Decoded or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The DNA sequences showed that this individual came from a previously unknown group of extinct humans that have become known as Denisovans. Together with their sister group the Neandertals, Denisovans are the closest extinct relatives of currently living humans. Until recently, most scientists thought that there were only two species of humans (i. . , modern humans and Neanderthals) living in Eurasia in the Upper Palaeolithic (50 – 10 thousand years ago). However, over the past decade several finds have indicated that there were several more. Svante Paabo and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Evolutionary Anthropology have revealed further proof of this fact with genetics. They sequenced the genome from the bones of an individual that had been found in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. The results indicated that the individual was not a modern human or a Neanderthal. The new species has been named Denisovans. Together with Neanderthals, Denisovans are the closest extinct relatives of modern humans. It is likely that all three species knew of each others existence and may have even lived together in what is today Siberia. Future genomic comparative studies should help scientists uncover important genetic differences that contributed to the development of modern human culture and technology. The genome is of very high quality†, says Matthias Meyer, who developed the techniques that made this technical feat possible. â€Å"We cover all non-repetitive DNA sequences in the Denisovan genome so many times that it has fewer errors than most genomes from present-day humans that have been determined to date†. The genome represents the first high-coverage, complete genome sequence of an archaic human group a leap in the study of extinct forms of humans. We hope that biologists will be able to use this genome to discover genetic changes that were important for the development of modern human culture and technology, and enabled modern humans to leave Africa and rapidly spread around the world, starting around 100,000 years ago† says Paabo. The genome is also expected to reveal new aspects of the history of Denisovans and Neandertals. They sequenced the genome from the bones of an individual that had been found in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. The results indicated that the individual was not a modern human or a Neanderthal. The new species has been named Denisovans. Together with Neanderthals, Denisovans are the closest extinct relatives of modern humans. It is likely that all three species knew of each others existence and may have even lived together in what is today Siberia. Future genomic comparative studies should help scientists uncover important genetic differences that contributed to the development of modern human culture and technology.

My Journey as a Medical Assistant free essay sample

Pursuit of a degree as a medical assistant will require dedication, research, and passion, for successful completion of the combination of course work, clinical, and externship experience necessary to work in this role within the medical field. Entering into the medical assistant program will depend on what suites your needs. Do your research on the school of your choice, keeping in mind, their accreditation(s). Before perusing a diploma or degree in medical assisting, you must be dedicated, and have a passion to work in the medical field. If, you are working, get as much information as you can about the program, so that you can let your employer know your ambitions to further your education. You might explore online courses, part-time or night classes. Whatever path you choose, think in long terms; what is this degree going to do for me? Is it a stepping-stone to pursue a higher education; or is it a change in career paths. Medical Assistants continue to grow with the shortage of Registered Nurses on the frontline. Some students have obtained the diploma program and others have completed the program with an associate’s degree. Each state will be specific as to what educational/training is need for the medical assistant to work in a specific state, and the scope in which you can practice. When obtaining a diploma or degree in medical assisting you will be required to do course work, clinical and externship programs. Courses that you will have to; complete are anatomy physiology, pathophysiology, medical terminology, medical front office procedures, x-ray, electrocardiograph, electronic health records, pharmacology and laboratory procedures, math courses, and science to name a few (Allied Health Institute, 2014). During your clinical program, you will be required to complete one hundred and twenty hours of shadowing with another medical assistant, LPN or RN at a clinical site; then during your externship program, you will be required to complete one hundred and sixty hours, with hands on at a clinical site (Allied Health Institute, 2014). As you finish your clinical and externship program, you will have a great respect for the medical field. Upon successful completion of the program, you can then take the national exam. Employment for medical assistants will increase 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). During extensive research, what I discovered is that the medical assistant with an associate’s degree and national certification is more employable (Donald A. Balasa, JD, MBA, 2009). Depending upon what field of interest you will be entering in, will determine the level of pay; the more complexity of the practice, the better the pay. Once you have sought employment in the field, you will be working in various areas, in which multi-tasking is vital. As a medical assistant, you will be required to know the front and back office. Front office responsibilities will be, but not limited to answer phone calls, make/cancel appointments, greet the patients as they arrive, checking patient’s in, using electronic health records, (some doctors have not transitioned over to electronic health records) receiving co-pays if necessary, update insurance information, address, assisting new patients with the appropriate paperwork and checking patients out. Back end responsibilities will be to triage patients, order supplies, stock supplies, maintain medication log, obtaining vitals, clean exam rooms after each patient, ensuring that all items used during an exam are disposed of accordingly or sterilized, history, reason for office visit, assisting the doctor with a physical exam. Additional duties could be to remove stitches or sutures, collection of specimens, giving injections pursuant to your scope of practice, venipuncture, calling in prescriptions, making sure the doctor has current test results, dealing with patient’s concerns and questions, and to communicate effectively and accurately with the doctor, staff and patients. In the field of medicine, you can continue your education. You can transfer credits into a LPN/RN program, or you can use the associate’s degree in your current position giving you, the opportunity to apply for better positions or because you completed the degree program, you might be eligible for an increase in pay. In the field of dialysis, you can actually apply for contract work; completing a thirteen-week employment assignment and having the fun of meeting new people in field, gaining knowledge from their perspective and visa-versa. Travel assignments in the medical field are in great demand; they range from techs to doctors. Medical recruiters offer travel opportunities in the United States and International. With obtaining an associate’s degree and working in the field of dialysis, and the year(s) of experience, the starting salary would be of a significantly higher pay. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the median pay range for a medical assistant without a degree was, from $29,370 per year to $14. 12 per hour (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). Certified medical assistants (CMA) American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) is a professional organization for CMA’s (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). In 1956, the CMA/AAMA was organized; it is a dynamic leader and a voice for medical assistants (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). Once, you have graduated on or after January 1, 2010, you have 60-months from the date of graduation to take the national exam and pass it (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). The medical assistant has three attempts; if the medical assistant does not pass the exam within the 60-month period, the medical assistant will not be eligible to have the credentials of CMA (AAMA) (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013).