Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on Immortality :: Essays Papers

Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on ImmortalityP.M. Moller and His Relation to S.A. KierkegaardAlthough virtually unknown today outside of Danish philosophical circles, Moller (1794-1838) was, during his lifetime, esteemed as one of Denmarks most love poets, and beginning in 1831 he held the position of professor of philosophy at the University of Denmark. While at the university Moller taught Moral and Greek Philosophy, and his early philosophical position has been regarded as Hegelian. Kierkegaard began his university studies in 1830, and the young professor made a deep impression upon him.During 1834-36 two events occurred that transformed Mollers philosophy and also influenced his relation to Kierkegaard. The first was the destruction of Mollers wife in 1834, which caused him to question the adequacy of Hegels system. The second was the publication of some articles by Kierkegaard in 1836 in a journal called Copenhagens Flying Post. In these articles Kierkegaard attacked Orla Lehmann, the young leader of the liberal student movement. This attack pleased the conservative Moller, and the two developed a deep friendship. Despite the nineteen-year contravention in their ages, the two shared similar views regarding Danish politics, a growing distrust of the Hegelian system, and a concern about the state of the Danish clergy. With the death of Moller in 1838, at the age of forty-four, Kierkegaard lost his nearest congenial friend, the person with whom, above all others, he could discuss freely his ideas and receive a openhearted and intelligent response. After Mollers death Kierkegaard cherished his memory and faithfully read his Posthumous Works when they were published in 1839-43. Kierkegaard also dedicated his book of account The Concept of Anxiety (1844) to Moller, with the following tributeTo the late Professor Poul Martin MollerThe happy lover of Greek culture, the admirer of Homer,the confidant of Socrates, the interpreter of Aristotle,Denmarks joy in Joy o ver Denmark, though widelytraveled always remembered in the Danish summer, the object of my profound admiration, my profound loss,this work is dedicated.This dedication should illustrate, if not Kierkegaards indebtedness to Professor Moller, then at least his unyielding affection.Mollers Reflections on Philosophical Systems and Personal ImmortalityThe work by Moller that beyond all others influenced Kierkegaard was Thoughts on the Possibility of Proofs of the Immortality of Human Beings With Reference to the Most Recent Literature on the Subject. H.P. Rhode stresses that it was this work on immortality that was Mollers most important contribution to philosophy in Denmark, and most notably for the young Kierkegaard, who was notoriously occupied with it.

America Needs a Strong Military Industrial Complex Essay -- War Army D

America Needs a Strong Military Industrial multiplex By mid-1942, World War II was looking bleak for the Allied powers. The German Wehrmacht was blitzing through Soviet Russia, the Luftwaffe had laid waste to much of London, Rommel was about to take Africa, and the Japanese nearly had control of the Pacific. Fortunately, as the Axis started rill low on materiel, America was increasing the Allied supply dramatically. This enormous production capacity displayed by the U.S. was the product of their new military-industrial complex, as plants across the boorish ge ard up production of weapons and combat vehicles and the government began pumping resources into the creation of new military-oriented production facilities. The American industrial surge turned out to be not only the deciding factor in World War II, but also the greatest protection against the Soviet threat during the Cold War that followed.In the wake of his defeat at El Alamein, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel declared, Th e bravest men can do nothing without guns, the guns nothing without plenty of ammunition, and neither guns nor ammunition are of much use in mobile warfare unless there are vehicles with sufficient petrol to haul them around. While Germany and Japan struggled to reproduce materiel at the speed at which it was being lostleading to shortages for the Afrika Korps in the African desert and the Wehrmacht during Operation Barbarossathe U.S. began producing it almost as quickly as it could be shipped out. There was virtually no military-industrial complex to speak of before 1940, and America went woefully under prepared into conflict after its losses at bead Harbor. However, by 1944 America was turning out 8 aircraft carriers a month, 50 merchant ships a day, one fighter plane every five minutes, and one hundred fifty tons of steel every sixty seconds (Walton 540).While other factors certainly aided in the momentum switch that occurred in late 1942 and 1943 and accelerated to the fulfil ment of hostilities, historian Francis Walton writes that,For the reduction in bloodshed much credit must go to the miraculous tools of war, most of which, in the hands of the victors, were Made in the U.S.A. It is the considered conceit of the military experts that in World War II our victories were the product of massed materiel rather than the highest military skill(4).Walton i... ... the United States is the undisputed military, economic, cultural, and political leader of the world, a title it earned for the most part with relatively little bloodshed. The military-industrial complex formed in the early stages of World War II can be thanked for this, as its extraordinary capacity for churning out weapons almost single-handedly preserved the Allied cause, and its ability to do so without exorbitant burden on the U.S. economy eventually won it the Cold War. Those who today consistently advocate cutting the defense budget in accordance with a policy of isolationism and pacificism and decry the profits made by military contractors would do well to remember the roots of Americas current superiority before do too rash a decision.BibliographyWalton, Francis. Miracle of World War II How American Industry Made Victory Possible. New York The Macmillan Company, 1956.Hickman, Martin B. The Military and American Society. Beverly Hills Glencoe Press, 1971.Koistinen, Paul A.C. The Military-Industrial Complex A Historical Perspective. New York Praeger Publishers, 1980.Strachey, John. On The Prevention of War. London Macmillan & Co Ltd., 1962.

Netflix competitive analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Competitive AnalysisBlockbuster Inc. and Movie Gallery are currently the two strongest competitors in the market, and and then pose the biggest threats to Netflix. Amazon, Intelliflicks, and Cleanfilms are all present in the market, but dont possess enough force at this time to be considered a threat to Netflix.BlockbusterAs of right now, Blockbuster is the biggest competitive threat to Netflix. Blockbuster was incorporated in 1989 in Delaware and is a major renter of phratry videocassettes, DVDs and video games throughout the Americas, as well as Europe, Asia and Australia. Blockbuster operated about 9,100 stores in the U.S. and 24 other countries, as of Dec. 2004. In the summer of 2004, Blockbuster launched an online lease program that provides a challenging competitive match for Netflix. Blockbusters online debut was in development for grades. In 2002 Blockbuster purchased FilmCaddy, an online movie rental company that became Blockbusters internet channel. Blockbuster comple ted consumer research, both qualitative and quantitative, and found that online customers preferred a program that would give them both Internet convenience and in-store benefits. Blockbuster dogged to incorporate its extensive network of stores to provide a powerful competitive edge. In addition, the chain has said it will invest $170 million this year alone in its online-rental operation. Financially, Blockbuster has revenues of 6.10 billion, with a gross profit of 3.61 billion, and a negative ne...

Comparing the Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches as They Apply to th

Thesis Statement The most differences between the idiographic and nomothetic get on argon measurements and development. induction In the following essay, we discuss different theoretic perspectives from Nomothetic and Idiographic approach. How they apply to both Personality (pattern of behavior and opinion) and Intelligence (thinking and behavior). Arguments for both sides are viewpoint on what psychologists generally use them as, because some(a) might disagrees with the usage of the word nomothetic and idiographic, orientated by Kantian and Wilhelm Windelband. Outline nomothetic, idiographic approach and dispositionPersonality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her characteristic behavior or thoughtAllport 1961 p.18Psychologists who adopt nomothetic approach are mainly concerned with what we share with others, but differ in degree. Establishing universal laws where all populations are describe and measure o n the same set of dimensions and scale, i.e., sign theory. Psychologists, who adopt idiographic approach interested in the aspect of experience over time, discover what makes each of us unique. Theoretically, they can be coherent, because the nomothetic approach also agrees with this uniqueness, as it measures differences in degree.Outline intelligencePsychologists relied on statistical results because it involves vast number of people, making it reliable. Intelligence is a behavior or thinking produced by our personality some say it is whatever intelligence measures. Intelligent theories also argue if it is a divergent or unity ability, yet some argue about even considering it as a part of personality. Personalities like intelli... ...ctors, not surround. Nomothetic approach suggests that this is because every unrivalled is generally the same. Yet intelligence is poor when environment is poor - idiographic explain this as it stress social influence, but nomothetic would ignore th is factor.Conclusion The choice between them depends not on which one is right, but what we wish to know David C. Funder p.518 The two approaches are similar in what they would take into account. It is difficult to draw a clear line just on the theoretical approach. Distinction came from research procedures because it clearly demonstrates the disagreement on the origin for both intelligence and personality. It is as David said what we wish to know is causing differences in what is produce in targeted experiments, it is therefore clearer to see when you look at experiments from two different approach.

Dame Ragnell: Searching for the Truth Essay -- Arthurian Legends Lite

madam Ragnell Searching for the Truth Throughout the Arthurian legends, the role of the mysterious hag is one that continually appears. The hag is often associated with huge magical power and revelations - both physical and psychological. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, Dame Ragnell is the magical hag that aids Arthur in his quest for the answer to the blessed Female Question. It is last because of the noble, chivalrous and courtly Sir Gawain, that the true identity of the hag can be revealed. While Dame Ragnell is not an evil character, the hag is ultimately a character of question. One must wonder how trustworthy the hag truly is when magic is involved. From other Arthurian legends, such as Sir Gawain and the Green gentle we can see that the hag is a malevolent character who uses the hag photograph as a guise to fool others. In the end, the hags real image is generally revealed along with her goal. Dame Ragnell is not a beautiful woman who has intentionally ta ken the form of a hag trying to deceive others wish well Morgana LeFey in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Dame Ragnell offers the truth to the men of the story and proves Sir Gawain to be as honorable as his reputation says he is. The story begins with Arthur hunting a stag in the forest. After the kill of the stag he stumbles upon a giant of a knight, Sir Gromer Somer Joure. In order to live, the knight makes a deal with Arthur. If he returns in a year and a day with an answer to the question What do women want? his life will be spared. Arthur and his confidant, Sir Gawain, ride throughout the estate of the realm with two books. In these books they write down the answers they receive from women all over the land to Sir Gromers question. Upon comparing their b... ...n cursed? Where is the proof of this curse? Apparently she can rick fair at some point on her own. Does this mean she too practices magic? How do we know Sir Gromer and Dame Ragnell are not one in the same? How do w e know Dame Ragnell is not really Morgana LeFey? Who IS Dame Ragnell? What exactly is her goal in this story? Does Dame Ragnell simply want to charge the men with the highest power the way to fulfill a womans true desire? Is she, like countless political women, plan to change things from the inside of hierarchy? Dame Ragnell may not let been quite the innocent maiden she was portrayed as in her marriage to Sir Gawain. The lessons she teaches, and the awareness she brings to the court of Arthur are definitely unfailing lessons that human beings are constantly being taught. Never judge a book by its cover - you never know what it might really have to say.

Dame Ragnell: Searching for the Truth Essay -- Arthurian Legends Lite

Dame Ragnell Searching for the Truth Throughout the Arthurian legends, the role of the mysterious witch is one that continually appears. The beldam is often associated with great magical power and revelations - both physical and psychological. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, Dame Ragnell is the magical hag that aids Arthur in his quest for the answer to the Holy Female Question. It is ultimately because of the noble, chivalrous and courtly Sir Gawain, that the true identity of the hag can be revealed. trance Dame Ragnell is not an evil character, the hag is ultimately a character of question. One must wonder how trustworthy the hag truly is when magic is involved. From some other Arthurian legends, such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight we can see that the hag is a malevolent character who uses the hag image as a guise to fool others. In the end, the hags real image is generally revealed along with her goal. Dame Ragnell is not a beautiful woman who has intention ally taken the pee of a hag trying to deceive others like Morgana LeFey in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Dame Ragnell offers the truth to the men of the story and proves Sir Gawain to be as honorable as his reputation says he is. The story begins with Arthur hunting a stag in the forest. After the kill of the stag he stumbles upon a giant of a knight, Sir Gromer Somer Joure. In order to live, the knight makes a deal with Arthur. If he returns in a year and a day with an answer to the question What do women want? his feel will be spared. Arthur and his confidant, Sir Gawain, ride throughout the land with two books. In these books they write down the answers they receive from women all over the land to Sir Gromers question. Upon comparing their b... ...n fated? Where is the proof of this curse? Apparently she can become fair at some point on her own. Does this mean she too practices magic? How do we spang Sir Gromer and Dame Ragnell are not one in the same? How do we know Dame Ragnell is not really Morgana LeFey? Who IS Dame Ragnell? What exactly is her goal in this story? Does Dame Ragnell simply want to show the men with the highest power the way to fulfill a womans true desire? Is she, like countless semipolitical women, plan to change things from the inside of hierarchy? Dame Ragnell may not have been quite the innocent maiden she was portrayed as in her espousals to Sir Gawain. The lessons she teaches, and the awareness she brings to the court of Arthur are definitely timeless lessons that human beings are constantly being taught. Never judge a book by its sink in - you never know what it might really have to say.

Research Paper Essay

Chapter 9 Problem 9 The Gall family became ill after drink contaminated water provided by McKeesport Municipal Water Authority and filed suit against the Authority. The Authority filed to dismiss the complaint. Should the Galls complaint be dismissed? No, the Galls complaint should not be dismissed. Even though the code rule does not apply, the code concepts of good faith dealing and unconscionability exist and can be utilized.Chapter 9 Problem 10 Schumacher took over his parents business at their request, built a new home on their impose, installed a well, and bought equipment for the business all with his own funds. There was a communicatory agreement that Schumacher would be allowed to manage the business for life and a large parcel of land would be given to him when his first parent died. When the parents decided to change the Inn and adjoining property, Schumacher sued. He lost, because in Minnesota, the agreement had to be in writing and his was an oral agreement. The quest ion is does Schumacher have a valid claim for unsportsmanlike enrichment? Yes, the parents benefitted from the new home and all the improvements to the parents land, such as, the new home, the well, and all the business equipment.Chapter 10 Problem 6An offer for sale of a parcel of land adjacent to ST. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was sent by earn from Pernal to the church and also to White Chapel Memorial Association Park unceasing Care Trust. The church sent back an acceptance offer that made changes to the original offer. Pernal acknowledged receipt of the offer and sent a garner to some(prenominal) parties that the original offer still stood. The church sued Pernal for breach of contract saying their offer was an enforceable contract. The question is will the church win? No, because the church did not accept the original offer. It changed the original offer and that change was not accepted by Pernal so there was no breach of contract by Pernal.Chapter 11 Problem 7Cantu ha d a contract as a Special Education teacher for the 1990-91 school years. Cantu hand-delivered her resignation to the school superintendent and a letter of acceptance was mailed to Cantu by the superintendent on the same day. Cantu changed her mind, but the superintendent hand-delivered a letter telling Cantu the resignation had been accepted and could not be withdrawn. Cantu sued because her resignation was hand-delivered and the superintendent mailed his acceptance. The question, is this a good argument? No, it is not a good argument, because there was no stipulation in Cantus letter of resignation regarding the manner in which the superintendent must accept her offer of resignation. Therefore the superintendent had every right to use the mail to accept the resignation.Chapter 12 Problem 10Tinker Construction was promised a incentive by Scroge if they completed a grind addition by a certain look and on time. Scroge also promised to pay the supplier a higher price for the materia ls needed to complete the addition by the date required. Scroge then refused to pay the bonus or pay the higher price for the materials. The question is, were these promises enforceable? Scroge is obligated to pay because there was an offer, new consideration, and an agreement to the new terms to modify the contract. The factory addition was completed on time by Tinker, so the bonus should be paid, and Scroge agreed to the new higher price of the supplies.

House Waife

What kind of job are you feeling for? Im looking for a position that is going to help make a company better and challenge me based on my consume and background. What are you looking for in a job? Ive enjoyed the challenge of learning in just ab stunned every job Ive had and, again, Im looking for a position thats going to help make a company better and challenge me. What do you look for in a job? Well, Id like the work to be challenging. I enjoy being challenged every day.By being challenged Im going to grow personally and professionally, and I find if Im growing personally and professionally, the economics, benefits and many things like that will always take care of themselves How do you define success? When I contribute to a successful organization, I am successful. We both grow. Then perhaps relate a story about how successful you were in your live one or two jobs. Remember, people love stories, and they remember them long after they remember more or less everything els e. You really dont have as much experience as we would like why should we hire you? You know, its very interesting, and every job Ive ever had I never went in to the job having all of the experience that my previous employers wanted. In fact, I went into three of them where I was hired simply because I had more potential than any otherwise candidate. As you can see, I have been successful in every position that Ive been in even though I had no experience before I started.Some people catch on to things more quickly than others and I happen to be one who is blessed that way. Im a quick learner and Ive been able to pick up the things that I didnt necessarily have any experience with and do extremely well. stick out you ever failed in a job? Well, Im like a ballplayer that never really losthe just ran out of time. Even the very few things that I look back on and others might see as failures, I really see as setbacks.Like most people, not everything that Ive ever done has turned out as perfectly as I would have liked. But even when it didnt, Ive larn from it. If you could choose any organization to work for, whom would you go to? Unequivocally, this company is absolutely the one I would go to work for, Describe a major go through that you have worked on and how it contributed to the overall good of your employer successful project Salary Transfer to Banks

Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence

concord to the case Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 hatful died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related trade collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the join States. (2004 Traffic Safety 2005) In addition more or less half of the one million people injured in roadway accidents were to a fault due to ride under the regulate (DUI). These ar startling statistics, which stress the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who oblige man intoxicate.A nonher point of concern regarding inebriated hotheaded or DUI is that reiterate or exhaustingcore offenders ar the cause of a astronomical proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight uplift drivers in contraband crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs encounter sprung up around the country want to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through with(predicate) education , counseling, and lotment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a deliberate but steady decline in fatalities from intoxicated driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, oddly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders.The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has besides been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s.1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the govern (DUI) is a vicious offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.2 The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatary DUI programs, and confiscation of drivers license for repeated offenders. nearly states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the validity of the accid ent caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. ( rummy Driving-United States 2005)In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the efficacious limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0.08 (i.e., 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no per se or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the drivers faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and victorious prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult.Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer whitethorn also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a shadowy driver. There are certain standardized FSTs s uch as the Walk and Turn test, the One-leg Stand and Horizontal Gaze Test, which can reliably determine the direct of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid.)The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such asa)Suspension of drivers license for not less than one yearb)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehiclesc)An assessment of the individuals degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriated)Not less than 30 years community benefit or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders n.d.)As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to reserve the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the of fenders. Some of these programs are described below atomic number 20s Driving Under the puzzle out (DUI) ProgramCalifornia was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information.A someone convicted of a first DUI offense are required to pass with flying colors a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0.20 or higher must lie with a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, body forth incontrovertible lifesty le changes, and reduce or spend the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (An Overview of Californias 2004)Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. such(prenominal) programs provide 52 hours of group counseling 12 hours of alcohol and drug education 6 hours of community reentry monitoring and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program.A county in California may pick to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i.e., 78 hours of group counseling 12 hours of alcohol and drug education 120-300 hours of community service and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (An Overview of Californias 2004)The California connection of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (CADDTP) has been formed to assist promote un derstanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that Californias DUI program electronic network is the most inclusive, structured, and complex and its entire programs are self- arresting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs n.d.) drug courtyards for DUI An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) ProgramIn collaboration with the National Association for do drugs hail Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on tight core drunk drivers or repeat offenders thereof it is working for the application of the exceedingly successful drug courts model to cure hard-core drunk drivers of their alcoholism.Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment offshoot who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress.The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like family relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the bit dema nds. (Kavanaugh, 2003). An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic wee naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (Butt County Revia Project, 2003)The degree centigrade Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts say towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Councils main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work unitedly effectively to address the problem.The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identific ation, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has create a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project 2003)There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groupsa fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belie f that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery.Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for renewal that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer) Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a student residence style facility at shadow and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (Jail Alternatives 2005)Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers attitude towards DUI and by alter ing their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a drivers perception of the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution for drunk-driving offenses, or by increase awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid.)Some experts believe that the moral component of the laws is much more important than the fear factor of savvy and punishment in the semipermanent control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to progress to their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. condescension a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still intolerably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures interpreted to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed importantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases.Substance Abuse Driving Under the InfluenceAccording to the National Highway Traffic Saf ety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (2004 Traffic Safety 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated.Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s.In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s. 1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of drivers license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (Drunk Driving-United States 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0. 08 (i. e. , 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood).In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no per se or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the drivers faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver.There are certain standardized FSTs such as the Walk and Turn test, the One-leg Stand and Horizontal Gaze Test, which can reliably determine the level of impairment of a n intoxicated driver. (Ibid. ) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such asa)Suspension of drivers license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles )An assessment of the individuals degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders n. d. ) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders.Some of these programs are described below Californias Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program California was among the f irst states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information.A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0. 20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (An Overview of Californias 2004)Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must co mplete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling 12 hours of alcohol and drug education 6 hours of community reentry monitoring and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i. e. 78 hours of group counseling 12 hours of alcohol and drug education 120-300 hours of community service and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (An Overview of Californias 2004)The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (CADDTP) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that Californias DUI program network is the most inclusive, structured, and complex and it s entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants.They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs n. d. ) Drug Courts for DUI An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders.This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on hard core drunk drivers or repeat offenders therefo re it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders.Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands.An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name naltrexone) f or weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (Butt County Revia Project, 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated.The Councils main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment.It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers , judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders.These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groupsa fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems. 4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders.Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Prog rams for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer) Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (Jail Alternatives 2005)Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a drivers perception of the certainty, swiftness a nd severity of prosecution for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid. Some experts believe that the moral component of the laws is much more important than the fear factor of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving.This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved.Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Des pite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high.It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases.

The Donkey and the Dog

A Short Story The Donkey and The Dog This Short Story The Donkey and The Dog is preferably interesting to both the people. Enjoy reading this story. A washer man had a donkey and a andiron. Both the donkey and the pursue helped his see to it in many ways. One night, few thieves broke in the house of that washer man. The dog heard them and started barking. The washer man got up and so did the neighbors. What is that? A dog. allow us run, said the thieves. They feared some dangerous consequences. By that time many people gathered in the street. They tried to run away but they were caught by the people.The washer man said, I am glad I had this dog in my house. I am sure the thieves would have looted me if my dog had non barked. The washer man was highly proud of the dog. Every one too praised the dog. From that day, the donkey started thinking, The master thinks that the dog is a more useful animal than me. The donkey decided he will show his master, the washer man, that he t oo could be useful just like the dog. Few days passed. One night, it so happened, two thieves again entered the washer mans house. The thieves became aware of the animals, present in that house. We should be careful, friendI have heard that a dog guards this house, one thief said to the other. As the thieves peeped in, they saw the dog sitting just outside the main door. It seems the dog is quite alert, said one thief. It is punter to leave this house alone. We had better go at once, the other thief said and the two thieves fled. But unknown to the thieves, the donkey was watching all this. He thought, It is a good opportunity for me to show my master that I too can be useful to him. The thieves have run away. If I start shouting, the master will think that I have driven the thieves away nd out of this house. And the foolish donkey started coqueting loudly. When the washer man heard the donkey bray at this odd hour, he got angry. He came out with a stick and thrashed the donkey. T his will teach him not to bray at night, he screamed. The donkey got all the thrashes in silence. It did not know what was taking place. Just then the dog came to the donkey and said, It is better to do your duties than try to be like me. The donkey knew that the dog was right. There after both the donkey and the dog remained peaceful.

Rebuttal Outline

REBUTTAL FORM OF PERSUASION The purpose of this paper is to argue against those perpetrators who are committing human rights violations against an oppressed root of people who are unable to defend themselves against the abuses. To defend the victims, you must know why and how the perpetrators are oppressing the group of victims and why these abuses are wrong. Your paper will be organized according to the rebuttal format for persuasion. This paper is organized the same way your persuasive paper last year was organized. Make sure you come about the form below for this paper. This format is required it is not an option.Even though there are many forms of persuasion, we are learning the rebuttal format. I. Introduction a. Tell why the issue is important. i. HarmWhat or whom does it harm? Identify the victims. ii. Signifi scum bagceTo what extent are the victims being harmed? 1. QuantityList statistics indicating the number of cases in which harm can be found and the duration of the har m. 2. QualityCite individual examples showing the intensity at which harm occurs. iii. InherencyShow how the current system of laws or presidential term involvement are promoting the problem or prohibiting its removal. b.Background informationGive a short history of the issue. c. Defining value termsDefine controversial or vague terms. Include various possible definitions where necessary. (For example, you may want to distinguish between your definition of adult and that of those who use child soldiers to fight their wars. ) d. State your coiffure on the issue. (thesis) II. Body a. Rebuttal i. Explain an important argument against your position. ii. Refute this argument against your position by offering evidence to bear your rebuttal. 1. facts to show test copy by induction 2. syllogisms for deduction 3. examples 4. easons 5. quotes iii. Explain a second argument against your position. iv. Refute it in the same way as above. v. Explain a third argument against your position. vi. Refute it in the same way as above. b. DefenseThese are arguments that support the new way you want the oppressors to think. They support your position. This is where you make your strongest case. i. display an argument in support of your position. Prove it by using 1. facts to show proof by induction 2. syllogisms for deduction 3. examples 4. reasons 5. quotes ii. Present an argument in support of your position. Prove it by using the above. ii. Present an argument in support of your position. Prove it by using the above. III. Conclusion a. Restate your position on the issue. b. quit with an emotional appeal for your position. What will happen if we dont listen to your suggestions? Predict the future for your victims. c. AND/OR give your readers a call to action. What should they be doing to decide this issue? IV. Works cited a. Evidence should be cited in your text. See the MLA Stylebook for attend. b. Follow MLA style for creating your works cited page. c. Dont forget to cite all net sources. V. Essay Parameters a.Essay Length 1200-1600 words (not including work cited) b. Number of arguments At least three rebuttal arguments and one defense. c. Number of CITED sources At least three varied kinds of credible sources (Example a website, a magazine, a newspaper) d. Due Dates See Angel Reminders Use the vocabulary of your topic. Choose words that have emotional connotation to help your cause. Create an interesting and original introduction and conclusion. Try to use rhetorical devices of parallelism and repetition for dramatic effect, especially in your conclusion. Cite sources accurately. No source or second person.

How Law Is Passed in Maldives Essay

How law is passed in Maldives. In Maldives laws are made in messs MaJlis. Its the supreme authority for law- making by the Article 70 of the constitution. Article 70. (a) The legislative authority of the Maldives sh every uttermost(a)(predicate) be vested in the Peoples Malls. In the Maldives there are 2 types of legislation considered by sevens. These are 1- Government Bills (Bills that are introduced by the Government) 2- Private Member Bills (Bills that are introduced by the Members whether individual or from a political companionship ) Government Bills Government Bills symbolize government policy and a Minister pre moves them.The bulk of Parliaments submit is taken up with these types of honkerets. As the present government does non hold such a large parliamentary majority, it is almost uncertain that all Government Bills will be passed into law (though some may be passed along the way). Private Member Bills Individual Member of Parliaments (MPs) from any political party (or a peer) can introduce a Private Members Bill. These hardly have any chance of becoming law as too much of Parliaments time is occupied up with Government notices.As a consequence of this, Parliament puffs little chance to discuss Private Members Bills, et al adept ballot on them. Each legislative year, the Cabinet has to decide on what it needs to do regarding lawmaking that year. As such it has to arrange what it needs though it has to be cautious of assurances made to the public at large. A lawmaking session does not last for one calendar year. With extended adjournments, Parliament actually sits for a lot less than twelve months. Lawmaking in Parliament is driven by what is said in the President Speech that ordinarily opens Assembly in February.The government to introduce whatever form of legislation it needs, a possibly difficult process takes lace before the bill becomes law. The first of all process is one of origination. This is actually deciding what is going to b e contained in that bill. Both ministers and civil servants are responsible for actually drafting the government bill. First the bills are sent to the parliament secretariat for getting scheduled to parliament agenda. The secretariat then will do a primary legal review regarding the text consumption and the content are in accordance with the constitution and laid down parliament rules.After the preliminary review the secretariat will schedule the bill in the parliament agenda ith the approval of the Speaker. Then the bill will be introduced by the sponsored member and he shall explain the need and the contents of the bill. This stage is called first reading of the bill. Then members of the parliament discuss the bill and then vote on it. The First Reading is the first time that a bill goes before the MaJlis itself. The First Reading is, really nothing actually happens other than the fact a bill goes before Assembly.Then the bill goes for a endorsement Reading. By the time of the Re ading that MPs have the chance for a wide-ranging discussion on a bills advantages or otherwise. Usually, though not exclusively, a parliamentary day is given over to a Second Reading, which usually corresponds to about three hours of discussion. Usually, a government minister opens a Second Reading. The debate in the MaJlis is controlled by either the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker. From the Second Reading, the bill moves onto to the Committee Stage.The Committee Stage is the most staring(a) scrutiny of the bill. This scrutiny is done by a Standing Committee that is made up of 12 to 25 MPs. The Committee evaluates and supports each clause ofa bill. It does not discuss the overall purpose of a bill. Each member of a Standing Committee is allowed to propose an amendment to clauses in the bill. The whole committee stage is meant to be a thorough examination of a bill and it is the longest part of the process. Once it has ended, the process moves on to the Report Stage.Report Stage ca n last from 30 minutes to several days. From here, the bill returns for its Third Reading. The Third Reading is the final part of the debate regarding the bill within the MaJlis. MPs discuss the overall content of the amended bill. After the third reading, the Speaker opens the floor to take vote for the bill. Then he MPs give their vote through electronic machines fixed infront of MPs Table. Then if MPs vote represents the majority of that session the bill will be passed and will be sent to the President for scrutinizing the Assent.And if it is doesnot get the majority it will be disqualified to become a law. Finally when the President receives the bill he has the discretion to give Assent in the first time. So, if he gives the Assent it will be published on the gazette and it will become a law. But, if he does not give Assent he shall sent the bill to MaJlis for review. Then again that bill is scheduled and MPs ebate on the reservations of the President, and if they still need to pass the law as it is, they shall pass that bill with big majority and sent to President for Assent.Then the President must give Assent and shall publish the new law in Gazzette. An act usually has a date or dates in its text as to when it will be implemented (or when parts of it will be implemented if it is a multi-layered act). slightly acts have a Commencement Order in them to activate it, or parts of it. The implementation of that act means that it is part of the law of the land from that date. 1 . Constitution of Maldives 2008. page 48.

Internal and External Forces and Change Essay

Within the business world, there are different theories of effective careen implementation. The corporation this question focuses on is Duke University Childrens hospital, which is highlighted in the textbook. The topic of the research paper will focus on the motion of implementing stir deep down the hospital. Implementing change within organizations is real relevant to this course. Not only is the course called Leading Organization Change, but the topics we conduct been focusing on revolve around methods of implementing change. With changes, organizations need to take steps to fully visualise the change in order to ensure a smooth transition and acceptance (Spector, 2013). Research will show how Duke University Childrens Hospital assessed the internal and away forces that impacted the change and how they assessed if the organization was ready for change. Also, research will show what model and strategies were used during the organizational change along with an outline of whether resistance to the change occurred and if so, how it was dealt with. Finally, I will strategize how to handle leading group changes within a similar context.Often times, financial crises spurs change in organizations. This was the crusade for Duke University Childrens Hospital. An assessment was made by the key administrators that showed how dire their financial situation truly was due to various reasons. This resulted in the pending elimination of programs and bring down services. Additionally, sales productivity had dramatically fallen as well as longanimous and staff satisfaction reaching its lowest point. These negative factors caused the hospital to polish off an assessment that they were ready for change. Change was the only thing that would keep their doors open to the public and Meliones knew that once masses understood the situation more fully, change would be a goal on all of the staffs minds. The first step Meliones took was to diagnose what the root causes o f the financial crisis was with the staff (Spector, 2013). By creating a intellect of urgency around the need for change to a wide variety of staff members, the change implementation process started out on the right rails (Russell, 2013). One problem they immediately noticed was that each group of employees (accountants, administrators, clinicians, etc.) was working towards individual goals instead of understanding what the goals of the organization were.This assessment of internal forces that could impactthe change led the staff to understand that it was essential to create a sense of shared responsibility for the organizations surgical operation as well as changing the previous patterns of behavior. The hospitals master(prenominal) medical director, Jon Meliones, realized that these problems could not be addressed by the chief executive officer and chief operation officer alone. These problems needed the combined efforts of all administrators and clinicians in order to success fully come out of the negative place they found themselves in. Meliones, the chief hold up executive, and the nurse managers descendd on a tactic that brought together the connection between financial performance and excellence of the health care provided to patients. Under their plan strategic renewal, both financial performance and excellent patient care would be dual focuses. During the shared diagnosis order, the wide spectrum of employees was educated in the external forces their hospital was up against financially. They realized that because the external forces would most likely not change, changes needed to be made primarily internally (Spector, 2013).Next, implementation moved to the paediatric intensive care unit. It was crucial that new behaviors became operationalized by the redesign of roles, relationships, and responsibilities. The team was able to redesign how every member (doctors, nurses, medical staff, accountants, etc.) would perform their line of works. This redesign was do alongside the members in order to get input. There was a decision to use the balanced scorecard measurement tool once they got to the stage where measurements could be utilized. This measurement tool utilized measurements of many things such as customer satisfaction, financial outcomes, processes of the business internally, and the containing/growing abilities of the organization. These measurements were done in hopes to aide in the reenforcement of all new behaviors that were anticipate. Because of these new tactics, within three years, the hospital began making a profit again (Spector, 2013).What was crucial to the success of Meliones and his team was the epoch they chose to take during the intervention. First, Meliones kept the staff involved by facilitating a shared diagnosis process which helped find the root of the hospitals financial issues. The process of unfreezing isimportant because this is when group members become dissatisfied with current performan ce or situations. Because Meliones used this approach instead of lecturing the employees on how to change, the employees were given the opportunity to learn and they felt more involved. This allowed the process of formulating an appropriate response to the issues be a group effort as opposed to Meliones coming up with a plan on his own that may have been resisted. The way to overcome defensiveness, when employees resist change, is to get broad-based participation. The shared diagnosis approach surfaced the connection between their financial performance versus behavior patterns and brought agreement among employees about what needs to change. Of course, Meliones could have chosen the approach of presenting to the employees all that was wrong and what the new plan would be, including the balanced scorecard.This would have made the unfreezing stage nearly impossible to accomplish if this approach had been taken. Second, he formulated a cross-functional team made of many different posit ions. This team had a goal to decide the best way to provide excellent customer service for their patients as well as perform well financially. By using the approach of task alignment, Meliones spurred the organization to focus not only on how the staff could work better together, but a dual focus on excellent patient care and financial performance. It was crucial at this stage to get employees to understand how their roles must interact and rely on other roles within the hospital to be successful. This involved educating all employees about the organization as a whole to give everyone a broad perspective and understanding. Third, Meliones began implementing the changes needed specifically in the pediatric intensive care unit. Fourth, every unit member had a redesign of roles, relationships, and responsibilities. The last step involved using the balanced scorecard system to reinforce the new behaviors within the organization. This sequence was done for each unit within the organiza tion and as a result, the hospital completely changed their downward trajectory within three years (Spector, 2013).After seeing the success that Duke Childrens Hospital experienced in their strategies, I would take the same approach if I were expected to lead group change in a similar situation. Within the process of shared diagnosis, ashared commitment to the ideas and action plans is incredibly valuable. When people come together, they stimulate, motivate, and inspire each other to bring forward the best ideas (Fullan, 2001). By involving many employees in the process, the positive effect is that they naturally will have a clear understanding of how the necessary changes will actually benefit the organization (Nguyen, 2010).ReferencesFullan, M. (2001). Leading in a culture of change (1st ed.). San Francisco, California Jossey-Bass. Nguyen, S. (2010). Implementing change and overcoming resistance. Workplace Psychology. Retrieved from http//workplacepsychology.net/2010/02/05/impleme nting-change-and-overcoming-resistance/ Russell, J. (2013). How to create change in the workplace. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/how-to-create-change-in-the-workplace/2013/11/27/9d62f8de-5548-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html Spector, B. (2013). Implementing organizational change (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey learner Hall.

Pharmaceutical Marketing

Ph sleeveaceutical trade Merck Merck has gone beyond excogitateing and selling prescription pharmaceuticals. It formed joint ventures in 1989 with Johnson & Johnson to sell tout ensemble over the-counter pharmaceuticals in 1991 with DuPont to puff basic search, and in 2000 with Scherigng-Plough to develop and market new prescriptions medicines. In 1997, Merck and Rhone-Poulenc S. A. (now Sanofi-Aventis S. A. ) combined animal health and bird genetics business to form Merial Limited, a fully integrated animal health company.Fin in ally, Merck purchased Medco, a position order pharmaceutical distributor, in 2003, and Sirna Therapeutics in 2006 (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 43-44). For grimeing strategies to be successful and brand value to be created, consumers must be convinced thither ar meaningful differences among brands in the crossing or avail category. Brand differences frequently related to attributes or benefits of the product itself . . Merck has attract ( its) product categories for decades, due in deduct to continual innovation (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 243).Merck has donated $100 million or to a greater extent(prenominal) than to charities in a course of acquire (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 632). bursting charge Statements Ex. Japan Both pharmaceutical and biotech companies are starting to remove procedurenership a core qualification (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 52). Intro Michael Dawson, author of The Consumer Trap, states that the business of trade, a trillion-dollar a-year industry, is a social, economical, environmental, and unfriendly fol lowly on Ameri elicits forthwith as it continues to soak up economic and environmental resources and dominate the ain lives of citizens (Dawson, 2005, p. ). Dawson argues that corporate America is fueled by a continuous marketing race that manipulates peoples perceptions and actions of goods into thinking the economy is out to distribute ones pleasures and happiness, when in all reality, is totally out to serve the demand of business today (Dawson, 2005, p. 1). It is critical that the U. S. government recognizes that intelligently focused nutrition-related efforts are important in availing lead Ameri butt joints of all ages to lead healthier spiritednessstyles.Marketing Nutrition arrays how simple solutions can save lives. Congressman Timothy V. Johnson, joined States dramaturgy of Representatives (Wansink, 2007, p. 1). There are enormous economic dividends for health burster providers, public health institutions, and commercial regimen companies if we are successful in doing this. Dr. David Mela, Expertise Group Leader, Unilever Health Institute(Wansink, 2007, p. 1). Marketing = A mechanism to help chemists develop, communicate, and sell future pharmaceutical services to consumers (Grauer, 1981, p. ). Pharmaceutical marketing is an element of an randomness continuum, where research concepts are transformed into practical therapeutic tools and wher e nurture is progressively layered and make much usable to the health care dust (Levy, 1994, p. 1). Provides an informed choice of carefully characterized agents (Levy, 1994, p. 1). marketing assists physicians in matching dose therapy to individual forbearing unavoidablenesss (Levy, 1994, p. 1).Pharmaceutical marketing is presently the close to organized and comprehensive information system for updating physicians about the availability, safety, efficacy, hazards, and techniques of using medicines (Levy, 1994, p. 1). pharmaceutical marketing strategies can negatively affect two- the end consumers or the patients and the health care profession (Need of new-made Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). Also, the announce strategies included in the marketing plan of any pharmaceutical company is non direct to consumer (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. ). all pharmaceutical marketing strategy targets the health care professionals or the D octors who in turn prescribe the doses to the patients (end consumers) presumable to pay for the products (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). However, a few countries (till date two countries- New Zealand and coupled States) al down in the mouth Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTC advertising) for pharmaceutical products (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). Pharmaceutical Market Trends 2010. Pharmaceutical & dose Manu situationurer Resources.Retrieved from http//www. pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers. com/articles/pharmaceutical-market-trends-2010. html The global pharmaceutical is forecasted to make a earthshaking growth of about 4 6%, exceeding $975 one thousand million, with global pharmaceutical market sales expecting to grow at a 4 7% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) done 2013, based upon global macroeconomy as thoroughly the ever-changing combination of innovative and mature products apart from the rising mould of healthcare access and mount on market demand (Pharmaceutical Market Trends 2010, p. ). pharmaceutical sales are growing at a fast rate in India, China, Malaysia, South Korea and Indonesia due to the rising disposable in happen, several health indemnity schemes (that ensures the sales of mark drugs), and intense competition among top pharmaceutical companies in the region (that has boosted the availability of low cost drugs). India 3rd Largest Producer of Pharmaceuticals Across the World- is already a US$ 8. 2 Billion pharmaceutical market.The Indian pharmaceutical industry is further expected to grow by 10% in the year 2010. (Pharmaceutical Market Trends 2010, p. 1). The development of infrastructure and rapidly changing regulations in the Middle East are existence seen as the cause of its growth. Presently South Africa, Saudi Arabia and Israel dominate the regions pharmaceutical industry due to their break out infrastructure and regulatory environment. However, The Middle East pharma market depends on imported pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutics.The governments of countries in this region are taking measures to raise their domestic production finished heavy investments in the pharmaceutical industry (Pharmaceutical Market Trends 2010, p. 1). Pharmaceutical Drugs Trends of fastest expected growth consist of anti-Diabetic Drugs and those for cardiovascular diseases, due to the changes in demographics and lifestyle with anti-hypertensives drugs will dominate the global cardiovascular market with a market share of tight 50% (Pharmaceutical Market Trends 2010, p. 1). StrategyThe pharmaceutical companies traditionally adopt four major(ip) marketing strategies for promoting their products gift drugs as free samples to doctors/ Gifts that hold the company logo or details of one or ternary drugs, providing details of their products through journal articles or opinion leaders and Sponsoring continuing medical reproduction (Need of New Pharmaceutical M arketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). Pharmaceutical representatives, also popularly known as medical representatives, are the major pharma marketing strategy for marketing drugs directly to the physicians.Typically, the expense of this sales force of any pharmaceutical company comprises anything ranging from 15-20% of annual product r until nowues (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). Marketing Nutrition laissez passers a win-win proposal for all concerned. Insightful companies, health professionals, and policy makers can lead the way . . . in helping people eat better and enjoy food more. Dr. James O. Hill, Director of Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Medical check (Wansink, 2007, p. ). Take profit of future growth opportunities. These growth opportunities will be realized from unmet health-care needs and changing consumer life style trends and values (Grauer, 1981, p. 1). Dispensing and drug-knowledge-distribution pharmaceutical services are reviewe d by a product life cycle psychoanalysis of sales profits versus metre (Grauer, 1981, p. 1). A marketing mix for new pharmaceutical services is developed consisting of service, price, distribution, and promotion strategies.Marketing can encompass those key elements necessary to meet the organizational goals of pharmacy and provide a systematic, discip stage businessd approach for presenting a new service to consumers (Grauer, 1981, p. 1). The be of pharmaceutical marketing are substantial, but they are typical of laid-back-technology industries that must communicate important and complex information to sophisticate users. These costs are offset by savings resulting from proper use of medicines and from lower drug costs owing to price competition (Levy, 1994, p. 1). oint to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and find comfort in the fact that this agency is tasked with regulating drug advertising. only 8% of advertisements are in violation of regulations. at least(prenomina l)(prenominal) one of the 11 advertisements in the April issue of the ARCHIVES is belike to be delusory and, thus, provide authorizationly harmful information. In fact, the FDA, according to David A. Kessler, MD, commissioner, spends most of its time developing the package insert and not, as assert by Levy, preapproving advertising. According to Kessler, Except under very special circumstances, the agency does not eview or authorize advertising and promotional materials before their dissemination by a drug firm Furthermore, Kessler states that an enormous potential exists for mis trail adver tisements to reach the physician and mould prescribing decisions. (Shaughnessy, Slawson, Bennett, 1994, p. 1). Gifts Giving drugs as free samples to doctors/ Gifts that hold the company logo or details of one or multiple drugs, A study was done in 1995 to property the outcome of a patients perception of pharmacy marketing regarding physicians accept gifts from the pharmaceutical indust ry.The impersonal of this study was to examine patient perceptions of professional appropriateness and the potential impact on health care of physician acceptance of gifts from the pharmaceutical industry, via a random telephone suvey of 649 adjults living in the state of Kentucky. Through the random sampling, the outcome of the survey was that Patient awareness of officeuse gifts (eg, pens, notepads) and personal gifts to physicians from the pharmaceutical industry, patient word picture to office-use gifts, and attitudes toward physician acceptance of both office-use and personal gifts. Mainous, Hueston, Rich, 1995, p. 1). Eightytwo percent of the respondents were aware that physicians received office-use gifts, while 32% were aware that physicians received personal gifts. S tied(p)ty-five percent reported receiving free samples of medication from their physicians. Compared with office-use gifts, more respondents believed that personal gifts to physicians bring in a negative f orce play on both health care cost (42% vs 26%) and tonicity (23% vs 13%). After controlling for demographic variables, as well as awareness and exposure to physician gifts, individuals with at least a high gear school teaching were 2. times as probably to believe that personal gifts shit a negative kernel on the cost of health care and 2. 3 times as likely to believe that personal gifts would have a negative pitch on the step of health care. (Mainous, Hueston, Rich, 1995, p. 1). Conclusions These results suggest that the public is generally uninformed about personal gifts from pharmaceutical companies to physicians. If public perception regarding the objectivity of the medical profession is to serve as a guide, these findings suggest a reevaluation may be in order for guidelines regarding physician acceptance of gifts from the harmaceutical industry (Mainous, Hueston, Rich, 1995, p. 1). The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, and the Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association have also published guidelines on perks to physicians from the drug industry. The bottom line is that all these guidelines are unbidden, and physicians have continued to vote with their feet. (Shaughnessy, Slawson, & Bennett, 1994, p. 1). debatable 1962 FDA amendments.Just before 1962, congress studied and cerebrate that because of overt protection, heavy promotion by the drug companies, consumer ignorance, and minimal incentives for physicians to be concerned with cost, drugs of dubious quality and unnecessarily high expense were being prescribed by physicians, criticisms that sound remarkably familiar even today. Up to that point, the FDA had only inevitable proof of safety, which dated can to the origins of the modern drug era and the 1938 Food, Drug, and cosmetic Act (Shaughnessy, Slawson, & Bennett, 1994, p. 1).Discussions about the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on physicians often focus on gifts a nd payments of relatively large economic value. This focus is also evident in ethics guidelines addressing pharmaceutical promotion among some professional medical societies. 1 The underlying assumption is that downcaster gifts are unlikely to exert influence on prescribing decisions. (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). In contrast, a substantial body of marketing and psychological science literature suggests that even idle items can exert influence irrespective of economic value.For example, adding a small gift such(prenominal) as personalized mailing labels to a solicitation for donations has been shown to importantly increase contributions. 2 In pharmaceutical promotion, small gifts are often tethered to stigmatization efforts, as items such as pens and coffee mugs display logos. out from the intrinsic value of promotional items, branded materials strengthen brand awareness and build brand impartiality through a mannequin of largely unconscious but powerful me chanisms. 3 Nonverbal information about the brand, such as symbols or logos, is often more influential than verbal cues. crockeder brands have a memory encoding and storage advantage over abstruse brands,5 which facilitates the formation of strong positive associations with the brand. Strong branded products are more often in a top-of-mind set of alternatives for consumers to consider. 6 Strong brand awareness provides a justifiable reason for choosing a particular brand. 7-8 This research suggests that small branded promotional items should increase favorable attitudes for the brand being promoted.We are unaware of studies that test these effects in a clinical context with health professionals, but many physicians, because they are medical experts, believe they are not susceptible to these influences. 5, 9-10 In one survey, just 8% of physicians believed they were susceptible to influence by marketing items such as branded pens, whereas 31% of patients felt these items could infl uence physicians. 9 The guidelines of the American Medical Association regarding gifts to physicians from industry reflect this belief of lack of susceptibility by permitting gifts of minimal value. 1 (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. ). The study used a randomised experimental design. Participants were third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of Pennsylvania aim of medicament (Penn) and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (Miami). We selected these institutions because of their differing policies regarding interactions between trainees and pharmaceutical company representatives. The University of Pennsylvania has restrictive policies in place that prohibit most gifts, meals, and samples while Miami continues to permit such marketing practices. (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). 007-2008. Study participants were assigned to a control or ready term based on their day of enrollment. Participants assigned to the primed condition w ere exposed to Lipitor (atorvastatin) branded promotional items immediately prior to completing a computer-based study instrument. These exposures included Lipitor logos on a clipboard (used when signing in to the study room) and notepaper (used to provide participants with their study identification number). Participants assigned to the control condition completed the same procedures but with a plain (nonbranded) clipboard and notepaper.Randomization was conducted by day in order to fend off contamination of conditions. (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). Participants were told they were enrolling in a study about clinical decision making under change conditions (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). Our study was designed to measure the influence of exposure to branded promotional items on relative attitudes toward 2 lipid-lowering statins. We examined differences in attitudes toward Lipitor and Zocor (simvastatin) in our exposed (Lipitor promotional items) an d control gatherings.Lipitor is among the most promoted brand-name statins in the United States while simvastatin is available generically and considered to be nearly equally effective. The study outcomes included measures of covert and self-reported (ie, explicit) attitudes. (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). Implicit attitudes were evaluated with the Implicit Association Test,11-15 a widely used tool in marketing and psychology research that is thought to be resistant to social desirability bias among research participants.Initial applications of the IAT, for example, demonstrated the sedulousness of racial and gender stereo events and prejudices, even in the face of strong conscious beliefs that such attitudes do not exist and strong social norms that dictate they should not exist. 16-17 Results from the IAT are a better predictor of intergroup inequality (eg, biased behavior against people of opposite races/ethnicities, gender, and sexual orientation based on ex isting attitudes and stereotypes) comparisond with manifestly similar self-report measures. 13 In recent years, the use of the IAT has been expanded to research focused on branding and marketing. 8-19 Further details regarding application and validity of the IAT have been published elsewhere13-15 a demonstration can be demonstrate at the Project Implicit Web site (https//implicit. harvard. edu/implicit). (Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 2009, p. 1). Explicit attitudes were assessed by self-report. Following the IAT, participants were asked to compare Lipitor and Zocor in 5 dimensions (superiority, preference, efficacy, safety, and convenience) a follow-up anonymous Internet-based survey that assessed their attitudes toward pharmaceutical marketing.The role was to measure differences in attitudes among students at the 2 schools given the differing institutional policies as a possible instructive factor(Grande, Frosch, Perkins, & Kahn, 200 Then there is the pharmaceutical indust rys holy grail of marketing the relationship between their sales representatives and medical doctors. To maintain this relationship, often called detailing, pharmaceutical companies spend a whopping $8,290 per doctor.The average family doctor receives 28 visits each week from drug reps, who provide free samples, explain new findings from company-sponsored drug trials, and demonstrate the latest innovation in their companys medical devices. Some doctors, reporters and public health advocates have distantseeing decried the pharmaceutical industrys seemingly endless attempts to buy goodwill among medical professionals. But insidious marketing campaigns quest to rebrand medical conditions as lifestyle choices, and the patients who suffer from them as consumers, have received little scrutiny. (Ebeling, 2008, p. 1). 9, p. ). providing details of their products through journal articles or opinion leaders Worse, the trend is seriously undermining the regulatory authority of the FDA. It s not move that profit-driven, cutting-edge marketing techniques have outstripped the government agency established to guide them. What is surprising is that public health advocates havent made pharmaceutical rebranding and off-label promotions of drugs and medical devices major issues. In December, the advocacy group Consumers Union sent a letter (PDF) to the FDA requesting tighter DTC advertising regulations on medical devices. Ebeling, 2008, p. 1). The December 2007 issues of the womens fashion magazines Allure and Harpers Bazaar both have multi-page spreads on non-surgical cosmetic procedures, including the array of injectable wrinkle fillers. The articles outlined the pros and cons of each filler, evaluating injection pain, cost per injection (most run between $500 and $800 per shot), and how yearn each lasts (Ebeling, 2008, p. 1). Dermatologist and anti-aging cream entrepreneur Dr. Patricia Wexler is featured prominently in the Bazaar story.Her remarks about each injectable reflect the marketing language of the brands themselves. When she is discussing Sculptra, for instance, she lines how the product acts as a trellis on which the collagen can grow a line marketers use to describe how the device works. She also repeatedly suggests what are off-label, unregulated product applications, such as using injectable fillers in the eye area, in the temples, in the jawline, on the cheekbones, and in the fine lines surrounding the mouth. Dr. Wexlers injectable filler romotions are especially credible among the target audience. Wexler regularly discusses non-invasive, anti-aging procedures on the Oprah Winfrey Show, the Today Show, and Good Morning America, and in the pages of Vogue and Marie Claire. The big pharma companies that make the injectable fillers likely dream of doctors touting their products and suggesting off-label uses for them in popular womens magazines. As the saying goes, they couldnt buy such good press but they probably did. (Ebeling, 2008 , p. 1). Dr. David J.Triggle, a pharmacologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo who has written about drug advertising, says a doctors endorsement should be scrupulously honest (Saul, 2008, p. 2). Dr. Robert Jarvik, known for the artificial heart he pioneered more than a quarter-century ago. began appearing in television ads two years ago for the Pfizer cholesterol drug Lipitor (Saul, 2008, p. 1). wipe to next paragraph The ads have depicted him, among new(prenominal) outdoorsy pursuits, rowing a one-man belt along shell swiftly across a mountain lake. When diet and exercise arent enough, adding Lipitor significantly lowers cholesterol, Dr. Jarvik says in the ad. Celebrity advertising endorsements are nothing new, of course. But the Lipitor campaign is a rarefied instance of a well-known doctors endorsing a drug in advertising and it has helped kindle a smoldering debate over whether it is appropriate to aim ads for prescription drugs directly at consumers. A Cong ressional committee, concerned that the Lipitor ads could be misleading, has said it wants to interview Dr. Jarvik about his role as the drugs pitchman.Some of the questions may involve his credentials. Even though Dr. Jarvik holds a medical degree, for example, he is not a cardiologist and is not licensed to practice medicine. So what, critics ask, qualifies him to recommend Lipitor on television even if, as he says in some of the ads, he takes the drug himself? (Saul, 2008, p. 1). Skip to next paragraphThe fellowship mission on Energy and Commerce is looking into when and why Dr. Jarvik began taking Lipitor and whether the advertisements give the public a counterfeit impression, according to John D.Dingell, the Michigan Democrat who is the committees chairman. It seems that Pfizers No. 1 priority is to sell lots of Lipitor, by whatever means necessary, including misleading the American people, Mr. Dingell said. Lipitor, the worlds single best-selling drug, is Pfizers biggest p roduct, generating sales of $12. 7 billion last year. But as it has come under competition from cheaper generic alternatives, Pfizer has used the Jarvik campaign, introduced in early 2006, to help protect its Lipitor franchise. wheresoever the Congressional inquiry leads, the controversy perils damaging Dr.Jarviks credibility and undermining his real medical mission. The Jarvik campaign was roll out the same year that Zocor, Lipitors chief competitor, became available as a generic drug that is widely considered about as effective as Lipitor but is sold at a fraction of the cost. (Saul, 2008, p. 1). Skip to next paragraph Criticism of consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals flared as an issue back in 2004, when Merck withdrew Vioxx, a heavily advertised painkiller, later on a clinical trial showed that it sharply change magnitude the risk of heart attacks and strokes.The pharmaceutical industry adopted voluntary guidelines the next year suggesting that companies delay advertising new products for an unspecified end after they freshman reach the market (Saul, 2008, p. 1). In early January, the U. S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce began investigating celebrity endorsements in television ads for brand-name drugs. These direct-to-consumer (DTC) ads have been controversial since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) loosened the rules governing pharmaceutical marketing in 1997.Before Lipitor made headlines, there was Viagra. Pfizers Viva Viagra campaign was criticized by the FDA and organizations including the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, who said the DTC ads pushd inexpert use of the erectile dysfunction drug. One print ad suggested that Viagra be used to solemnize events such as the Super Bowl or New Years Eve. (Ebeling, 2008, p. 1). While troubling, DTC ads represent only 14 percent of pharmaceutical companies marketing budgets.By the time a 30- flake drug commercial airs, the company has conducted months of segmentation studies, held lashings of meetings to define the communication target (typically a woman, usually a mother, and of a certain income), and spent millions of dollars to develop the drugs brand and its market. This strategic marketing, which represents the remaining 86 percent of drug promotion expenses, should receive at least as much attention from regulators and lawmakers as DTC ads. (Ebeling, 2008, p. 1).While DTC ads seek to change patients behavior, pharmaceutical companies are more arouse in changing doctors behavior. Drug marketers work hard to persuade doctors to prescribe their branded drug over generics and other competitors, and to change other medical practices that limit company profits. To cultivate medical professionals, drug companies may retain a doctor as a spokesperson, position friendly medical thought-leaders in the media, or organize free events at posh resorts and expensive hotels to educate doctors about a new disease state (think Restless Leg Syndrome) or their latest drug.In 2000, the biggest 10 pharmaceutical companies spent $1. 9 billion on promotional events alone (Ebeling, 2008, p. 1). For example, the FDA found that Eli Lillys television broadcast advertisement for Strattera (atomoxetine) was false or misleading because it inadequately communicated the indication for the drug (attention-deficithyperactivity disorder) by means of competing visuals, graphics, and music presented concurrently. Similarly, serious risk disclosures were minimized for Strattera, the FDA said, by the distracting visuals and graphics (e. . , erratic camera movement, degenerate scene changes, and visual changes in point of view). In some other case, the FDA said Pfizers print advertisement for Zoloft (sertraline) was false or misleading because it omitted important information relating to the risk of suicidality in patients, a risk stated on the products label at the time the advertisement ran. (Donohue, Cevasco, & Rosenthal, 2007, p. 1). Drugs that are advertised to consumers are predominantly new drugs used to treat chronic conditions.Ten of the top 20 drugs, as ranked by advertising spending, were introduced in 2000 or later. Advertising campaigns generally begin within a year after the introduction of a pharmaceutical product, which raises questions about the extent to which advertising increases the use of drugs with unknown safety profiles. At least one pharmaceutical manufacturer (Bristol-Myers Squibb) recently announced a voluntary moratorium on direct-to-consumer advertising for drugs in the first year after FDA approval.And PhRMA, the industry trade group, has recommended that manufacturers delay such campaigns for new drugs until after health professionals have been sufficiently educated, although no details have been provided on how long a completion was deemed necessary. 20 Finally, in a recent study of drug safety, the Institute of Medicine recommended that the FDA restrict advertising for newer prescription drugs. 8 Our data show that a ma ndatory waiting period on advertising for new drugs would represent a dramatic departure from current industry practices.For example, the FDA found that Eli Lillys television broadcast advertisement for Strattera (atomoxetine) was false or misleading because it inadequately communicated the indication for the drug (attention-deficithyperactivity disorder) by means of competing visuals, graphics, and music presented concurrently. Similarly, serious risk disclosures were minimized for Strattera, the FDA said, by the distracting visuals and graphics (e. g. , erratic camera movement, quick scene changes, and visual changes in point of view).In another case, the FDA said Pfizers print advertisement for Zoloft (sertraline) was false or misleading because it omitted important information relating to the risk of suicidality in patients, a risk stated on the products label at the time the advertisement ran. (Donohue, Cevasco, Rosenthal, 2007, p. 1). direct-to-consumer advertising of prescri ption drugs on television. Such advertising has been criticized for encourage inappropriate use of medications and driving up drug spending. ,2 Concern that such advertising may lead to increased use of expensive medications was amplified by the introduction of a prescription-drug benefit in Medicare in 2006 (Part D). Studies of the effect of advertising on prescribing practices have shown that such advertising increases classwide sales, helps to avert underuse of medicines to treat chronic conditions, and leads to some overuse of prescription drugs. (Donohue, Cevasco, Rosenthal, 2007, p. 1). Direct-to-consumer advertising has also been controversial in light of postmarketing revelations regarding problems with drug safety.Specifically, clinical trials that are required for drug approval are typically not designed to detect rare but significant adverse effects, and contemporary methods of postmarketing surveillance often fail to connect adverse events that have a high rate of back ground prevalence with the use of particular drugs. After the market withdrawal of Vioxx (rofecoxib), a drug heavily promoted to consumers,6 critics called for the FDA to place limits on direct-to-consumer advertising, particularly for new drugs,7 a view that was reiterated in a recent report by the Institute of Medicine on the safety of medicines. (Donohue, Cevasco, Rosenthal, 2007, p. 1). Sponsoring continuing medical education describes the influence of sponsoring on the results, protocol and quality of drugs studies (Deutsches Aerzteblatt International, 2010, p. 1). The authors conclude that pharmaceutical companies exploit a wide variety of possibilities of manipulating study results. Apart from financing the study, financial links to the authors, such as payments for lectures, may tend to make the results of the study more booming for the company.Not only the results themselves, but also their comment, are significantly more often in accordance with the wishes of the spon sor. (Deutsches Aerzteblatt International, 2010, p. 1). In some publications, the authors detected evidence that sponsors from the pharmaceutical industry had influenced study protocols. For example, placebos were more frequently used in drug studies than was the case with respectively financed studies. On the other hand, some favourable effects were linked to financial support from the pharmaceutical industry.The methodological quality of studies with industrial support tended to be better than with autonomous drug studies(Deutsches Aerzteblatt International, 2010, p. 1). Most physicians must complete accredited continuing medical education (CME) programs to maintain their medical licenses, hospital privileges, and specialty board certifications. Data from the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) show that CME is a $2 billion per year business in the United States that earns less than half its tax income from physician learners themselves. CME is incre asingly underwritten by commercial sponsors primarily manufacturers of drugs, biologic therapies, or medical devices that spend more than $1 billion per year in educational grants and other funding to cover more than half the costs for CME activities (Morris Taitsman, 2009, p. 1). In recent years, a number of studies have shown that clinical drug trials financed by pharmaceutical companies yield favorable results for company products more often than independent trials do. Moreover, pharmaceutical companies have been found to influence drug trials in various ways. Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). create drug trials that were financed by pharmaceutical companies, or whose authors declared a financial conflict of interest, were found to yield favorable results for the drug manufacturer more frequently than independently financed trials whose authors had no such conflicts. The results were also see favorably more often than in independently financed trials. Furthermore, there was evidence that pharmaceutical companies influenced study protocols in a way that was favorable to themselves.The methodological quality of trials financed by pharmaceutical companies was not found to be any worse than that of trials financed in other ways. Conclusion Published drug trials that are financed by pharmaceutical companies may present a distorted picture. This cannot be explained by any difference in methodological quality between such trials and trials financed in other ways. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). clinical drug trials funded by pharmaceutical companies yield favorable results for the sponsors products more often than independent trials do.This has been demonstrated by a number of studies in recent years Various ways have been described in which pharmaceutical concerns exert influence on the protocol and conduct of drug trials, as well as on the interpretation and publication of their results. Thi s systematic review showed widespread conflicts of interest in the shape of financial connections between scientists, academic institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry. Around one quarter of academic provide and two thirds of academic institutions had financial relationships with industry.Analysis of 8 review articles embracing a total of 1140 original articles (including randomized controlled trials RCT, economic analyses, and retrospective cohort studies) revealed a statistically significant association between funding by biomedical companies and conclusions favorable to the pharmaceutical industry (summarized odds ratio OR 3. 6, 95% confidence interval CI 2. 64. 9). Industry financing was also connected with limitations of publication rights and constraints on access to trial data. Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). In the second review, a systematic analysis of 30 publications, Lexchin et al. showed that drug trials financed by pharmaceutical companies are less likely to be published, but that those published more frequently yield positive results for the sponsors products than do independently funded studies (8). The quality of the methods employed (analyzed in 13 publications) in trials financed by pharmaceutical companies was not inferior to that in studies with other sources of funding. Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). The authors of the present systematic review set out to assess whether recently published studies reveal a connection between financing of drug trials by pharmaceutical companies and results favorable to these companies products. Part 1 investigates whether and, if so, how the type of funding affects study protocol and quality. Part 2 identifies and depicts the aspects of clinical drug trials that can be influenced by financial support from the pharmaceutical industry. Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). The publications included were prim arily studies performed with the expressed goal of comparing clinical trials funded by pharmaceutical companies with clinical trials that had not received financial support from such companies, e. g. , with regard to the results or conclusions. These studies were attended by a number of publications that investigated the consequences of financing of a study by pharmaceutical companies.These included, for example, articles in which information from the files of the US licensing authority (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) was compared with data from publications in medical journals, and case studies on individual substances. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). connectedness between type of funding and results of drug trials Twenty-six of the 57 publications analyzed sought to ascertain whether the results and/or conclusions of drug trials depended on the type of funding or on financial conflicts of interest on the part of the authors (eTable). Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). Altogether, 23 of these 26 studies came to the conclusion that there was a positive correlation between the financing of a study by pharmaceutical companies and/or conflicts of interest on the part of the authors and results or conclusions that were favorable to the sponsor. The statistical significance of this finding was investigated in 22 cases and confirmed in 20. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. ). In 4 cases it was apparent that the findings were interpreted favorably towards the pharmaceutical concern that had funded the study, independent of the results (e5e8). (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). Another study investigated the connection between the conclusions and the source of financial support in clinical trials that had appeared in 5 influential medical journals over a period of 20 years (e10).Most trials yielded positive results for the drug in questio n regardless of the funding source, but this study also revealed a trend over the course of time towards more positive findings in industrially financed trials than in trials supported by non-profit organizations (e10). The third study compared the results (but not the interpretations or conclusions) of clinical trials of drugs used in pain management, some of them long available as generics (e9). (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. ). Five of the 57 studies analyzed investigated whether funding by pharmaceutical companies affected the design of the study protocol (Table 1 gif ppt). The use of placebos was shown to be significantly more common in RCTs of drugs for psoriasis that were financed by such companies than in those with funding from other sources (e12). Moreover, several studies of treatment for previous(p) ejaculation that were sponsored by a pharmaceutical company were found to have disregarded the relevant objective endpoint (e13).In an investi gation of inhaled corticosteroids, significant differences in the frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADR) between the probands and the control group occurred only half as often when the study had been funded by the manufacturers (see also Part 2). The differences could be attributed wholly to the study design. For example, studies financed by pharmaceutical companies used lower dosages. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1).The pharmaceutical company concerned investigated the marketing effect of the study, finding that participating physicians did indeed prescribe rofecoxib significantly more often than non-participants in its first 6 months on the market. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). The results of clinical drug trials that are funded by pharmaceutical companies or whose authors have financial conflicts of interest are favorable to the products of the sponsoring company far more frequently than studies whose fundi ng comes from other sources.Furthermore, interpretation of the data in the conclusions of industrially financed trials more often favors the sponsor. This was shown by the present systematic review and analysis of investigations, published between 1 November 2002 and 16 December 2009, into various diseases, study types (e. g. , RCTs and observational studies), and drugs. The results confirm the conclusions of 2 systematic reviews, both published in 2003, conducted with similar intent (7, 8).The principle of equipoise, i. e. , uncertainty which of the alternative approaches benefits the patient most, forms the ethical foundation of clinical studies in which the probands receive various treatments (14). This principle seems to be violated in many studies funded by pharmaceutical companies. (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). There are numerous reasons why studies financed by pharmaceutical manufacturers more often yield positive results.Four investigatio ns found evidence that pharmaceutical companies influence the study protocol to their advantage (e12e14, e19), e. g. , by more frequent use of placebos in control groups than in independently funded studies (e12). Although the responsible regimen sometimes demand placebo-controlled trials as a condition of licensing, they also request active controls (15). Further factors leading to higher frequency of results favorable to the sponsor in trials funded by pharmaceutical companies are described in Part 2 of this review. Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). Trials financed by pharmaceutical concerns displayed no signs of poorer methodological quality. On the contrary, two studies showed superior quality (e16, e17). It must be taken into account, however, that some factors that serve to assess the quality of the instruments used in a study were not determined, among them the clinical relevance of the target parameters. In oncology, for instance, there are c urrently major defects in the protocols of industrially sponsored clinical trials, e. . , deficiencies in the definition of patient-relevant endpoints and in the selection of suitable substances for the control arm of RCTs (1619). Moreover, clinical trials in oncology are often discontinued after preliminary analysis (20), with the result that only a short time after the licensing of a drug its additional benefits and the safety of new substances can frequently no longer be evaluated, preventing any benefit/risk analysis (21). (Schott, Pachl, Limbach, Gundert-Remy, Ludwig, Lieb, 2011, p. 1). ConclusionWansink argues that the neat challenge in marketing nutrition lies in leveraging new tools of consumer psychology (which he specifically demonstrates) and by applying lessons from other products failures and successes. The same tools and insights that have helped make less nutritious products popular also offer the best opportunity to reintroduce a nutritious lifestyle. The key probl em with marketing nutrition remains, after all, marketing. (Wansink, 2007, p. 1). New services must therefore be oriented toward consumers (i. e. , patients, health professionals, and third-party agencies) to gain acceptance (Grauer, 1981, p. ). We encourage family physicians interested in providing the best care for their patients to become educated in the advertising techniques used by the pharmaceutical industry. (Shaughnessy, Slawson, & Bennett, 1994, p. 1). new challenges as well as opportunities for increasing profitability. If the pharmaceutical companies want to improve their Return-On-Investment (ROI), they have to adopt new communication technologies (digital media) along with their conventional sales force of medical representatives.They really need to adopt this multi channel marketing strategies for the following reasons The concept of blockbuster drugs is dying out for big pharmaceutical companies where 2-3 drugs were good enough to pay back the whole invest ment for a larger number of construct drugs. Now the limited prospective for blockbuster drugs (thanks to low investment on R&D and patent expiry) makes it essential to focus on more specialized drugs sold in lower volumes. And when there is low volume products, sales driven marketing strategy (with high cost of sales force) is not feasible.As far as small pharma companies are concerned, they already have small sales force. However, with the use of digital media, having a lower investment cost (both for the company and its targeted customer) they can easily get return on investment. Customer behavior (doctors behavior) is rapidly changing. Doctors, who are getting more and more busy with increasing patients, can be hardly seen by the medical representatives. They are more inclined towards Internet for obtaining relevant information.It is the time for pharmaceutical companies to build their marketing strategies around this digital media. Website marketing, online marketing, blogs, s ocial media, forums, chat rooms and any other such media is an influential means to present the companys products and offers through opinion leaders (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1). The right marketing strategy for any pharmaceutical company would be to build on be strategic marketing principles, along with a focus on changing customer behavior.Use of digital media through Internet marketing plan is the best marketing strategy that can provide the basis for a changed business model. However, there should be some planning for using digital media for marketing too. It should be a multi channel marketing strategy but should identify the target audience. Every digital media used for all people can not be called the right marketing strategy. The focus should be on the high value customer segment for pharmaceutical products (Need of New Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies, 2010, p. 1).